Efectos del Pastoreo Racional Voisin en el comportamiento y bienestar animal del ganado bovino en el Centro Agroindustrial del Meta
Effects of Voisin Rational Grazing on the Behavior and Animal Welfare of Cattle at the Meta Agroindustrial Center
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El Pastoreo Racional Voisin (PRV) es una alternativa de manejo regenerativo cuya evidencia empírica en condiciones del piedemonte llanero colombiano es limitada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar comparativamente el efecto del PRV frente a un sistema convencional rotacional sobre la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), la condición corporal (CC) y el comportamiento al pastoreo de bovinos macho de levante, en el Centro Agroindustrial del Meta del Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA). El experimento se desarrolló durante 151 días (junio–noviembre de 2025) en la finca El Hachón sobre praderas establecidas de Urochloa humidicola subs Dyctioneura en suelos Oxisoles. Se trabajó con 20 bovinos cruzados BON × Gyr × Holstein (peso inicial 235,9 ± 32,2 kg), distribuidos en cuatro lotes de cinco animales (n = 2 lotes por tratamiento). El tratamiento T1-PRV operó con 40 parcelas de 0,133 hectáreas (ha), periodo de ocupación (PO) de 1 día y periodo de descanso (PD) de 39 días; el T2-Pastoreo convencional operó con cuatro subpotreros de 1,33 ha, PO de 7 días y PD de 21 días, con carga animal equivalente entre sistemas. La GDP se determinó por pesaje individual seriado con báscula Tru-Test®; la CC se evaluó en escala 1–5 (protocolo Edmonson et al., 1989); el comportamiento positivo se registró mediante diez descriptores afectivos del protocolo Welfare Quality® sobre escala visual analógica (VAS) de 0 a 100 puntos. Los datos se analizaron con prueba t de Student al nivel del lote (Hurlbert, 1984) y modelo lineal mixto al nivel del animal individual, con α = 0,05. El PRV registró una GDP media de 624 ± 42 g/animal/día frente a 484 ± 50 g/animal/día del sistema convencional (Δ = +140 g/día; t(2) = 4,94; p = 0,039; intervalo de confianza al 95 %: 18–261 g/día), equivalente a 21,1 kg adicionales de peso vivo por animal durante el ciclo. La CC final fue significativamente mayor en PRV (4,08 ± 0,44 vs. 3,57 ± 0,09; t(2) = 6,53; p = 0,023; d de Cohen = 1,61), con carga animal estadísticamente equivalente entre sistemas (1,16 vs. 1,13 unidades animal por hectárea; p = 0,722). La evaluación cualitativa del comportamiento documentó puntuaciones superiores en los diez descriptores de valencia positiva bajo PRV, alcanzando significancia tras corrección por comparaciones múltiples en ocho descriptores. Bajo las condiciones evaluadas, el PRV constituye una alternativa de manejo regenerativo para la ganadería bovina, con efectos sobre la productividad la condición corporal y el comportamiento conductual positivo de los animales y puede considerarse como un modelo productivo sostenible y de transferencia tecnológica al productor.
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